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INDEX
Emphasis Mine In Bible Verses
Part I - Previous Page
What is a Labyrinth? Labyrinths Vs. Mazes. Ancient Labyrinths. From Greek Mythology to Catholic Churches. The Gothic Cathedrals, From Chartres to San Francisco and Beyond. Lauren Artress and Veriditas. The Modern Labyrinth Walks - often accompanied by trappings usually seen to "spiritualize" the atmosphere,
Part II - THIS PAGE
The Labyrinth and Pagan Spirituality
The labyrinth that has never deviated far from its metaphysical roots
is still one of the rituals connected with pagan spirituality. ,
Labyrinths and Contemplative Prayer
Labyrinths and Contemplative Prayer have quite a lot in common
Labyrinths and An Altered State Of Consciousness
How do labyrinths facilitate an altered state of consciousness?
Labyrinths A Connection with the Divine... For Everyone?
Slinging the entire Gospel message out of the proverbial window.
Is Labyrinth-Walking Compatible With Christianity?
The evangelical Christian community talks about "spiritual warfare" and "putting on the full amour of God," but are often found embracing that which God is against
Masters of Spirit?
Quislings in The Church
Here are some examples of the wolves disguised a Christian' leaders. Note: These are only a few well-known and easily recognized names. There are many more.
Conclusion
Too many modern Protestant leaders disregarding explicit instructions from the Father Himself indulge in religious practices borrowed from paganism and other religions then teaching others to do the same.
The Labyrinth and Pagan Spirituality
The labyrinth that has never deviated far from its metaphysical roots is still one of the rituals connected with pagan spirituality. Labyrinth walks and "prayer journeys" are promoted at spirituality festivals and celebrations throughout the neo-pagan world. Here are three examples,
Circle Sanctuary
Founded in 1974 by Selena Fox (Nature Priestess, spiritual counselor, ecoactivist, chant crafter etc.), Circle Sanctuary is a non profit Nature Spirituality church and 200-acre nature preserve “dedicated to networking, community celebrations, spiritual healing and education”.
They say their vibrant community converges at classes, Full Moon circles, seasonal sabbats, volunteer days, Sacred Fire Circles, and at their annual week-long Pagan Spirit Gathering [01]. Their labyrinth is...
in the form of a wild plants hedge with mowed path. At night, the labyrinth is lit by kindled votives in elevated spiral candle holders. Wooden benches for sitting meditations are sometimes part of the circle in the center, and sometimes, a small fire burns in a copper cauldron at the center. [02]
Raven Bloodstone who first walked a labyrinth at a Pagan Spirit Gathering in 2009 says she now looks
for opportunities to create new labyrinths now. Not just in the physical, but the ether as well. I go on journeys with a certain guide on the astral plane to the same location. We sit and contemplate or receive a message from the Goddess herself. [03]
The Secret Lantern Society
holds a winter solstice labyrinth created with over 500 pure beeswax candles.
“It invites you to warm yourself in a self-guided ceremony intended to help release old attachments and envision new possibilities as the darkest night of the year births a new season” [04]
The Starwood Festival
Their web site advertises a Candle Labyrinth as “a spiritual pilgrimage”. They
encourage you, along this journey, to pause and reflect, and whether this is your first time walking the labyrinth or your fortieth, you can expect a sacred metamorphosis”. [05]
Labyrinths and Contemplative Prayer
Labyrinths have much in common with Contemplative Prayer . Both are widely accepted as Christian and both stem from pagan sources. Both practices are fueled by feelings and emotional experiences
Contemplative Prayer
Defenders of Contemplative Prayer claim that this form of “prayer” leads to an intimate experiential knowledge of God thus the inner peace they often experience causes them to believe that they achieved divine intimacy. suspending critical thinking enables the practitioner to totally center their mind on God - not by conscious thought but by simply feeling God within.
(See Footnote I that includes a link to section on Contemplative Prayer
Walking Labyrinths
In an article entitled What is the purpose of a labyrinth? Sandra Hearth writes (Emphasis Added)
Labyrinth proponents claim walking a labyrinth can lead to deeper relationships, a stronger sense of community, a feeling of being on a spiritual journey, a sense of inner reflection and connection to sources of guidance, a sense of living in the present, greater creativity, and stress reduction. [06]
Trinity Episcopal Cathedral in Portland, Oregon
Has the following on their web site (Emphasis Added)
The labyrinth is a tool for walking prayer and provides a safe space for a journey into our center, the place of our deepest knowing & our connection with the divine. [07]
The page on labyrinths on Grace Cathedral's web site says (Emphasis Added),
"As you leave, following the same path out of the center as you came in, you enter the third stage, which is joining God, your Higher Power, or the healing forces at work in the world". [08]
Kimberly Lowelle Saward, President of The Labyrinth Society is often credited with saying (Emphasis Added)
Labyrinths and An Altered State Of Consciousness
Saugatuck Congregational Church, UCC (Connecticut)
For many, walking a labyrinth provides a calming meditative state that allows for a shift in consciousness and can re-energize, reduce stress, and help re-focus and nurture the soul. [10]
The following is an excerpt from Lauren Artress' book The Sand Labyrinth: Meditation at your Fingertips, (Emphasis Added). She says labyrinths
... are designed to help us find our way. They have only one path - from the outer edge into the center and back our again... Many labyrinths, including the seven- and eleven-circuit ones, are "non-linear," meaning that the path goes through the four quadrants in a non-sequential way. One enters in the first quadrant, moves through the second, the back to the first, then to the third, and back to the second. As you move through a non-linear labyrinth, you lose your sense of where you are in the pattern, and enter into a pleasurable state of timelessness. Some people find this type of surrender particularly relaxing and refreshing. [11]
See Warning regarding the danger of being lulled into a very passive state
Although the site no longer exists, Kathy Doore whose journeys to ancient “sacred” sites is a passion and a profession once wrote, (Emphasis Added)
Labyrinths are time windows, portals, where time stands still. They are known to facilitate altered states of consciousness and have parallels with reincarnation, initiation, prosperity, and fertility rites... Moving through a Labyrinth changes ordinary ways of perception connecting the inner and the outer, the right brain and the left brain, the involutional and the evolutional through a series of paths that represent the realms of the Gods and Goddesses. These realms are associated with planetary movement as a process that induces Union with the One. [12]
How do labyrinths facilitate an altered states of consciousness?
The following put forth by Christian writer Prof. Johan Malan makes a whole lot of sense.
When a person walks the labyrinth he meanders back and forth, turning 180 degrees each time he enters a different circuit. It is said that each time the person shifts his direction he also shifts his awareness from the left brain to the right brain, or vice versa. For this reason, labyrinth walking is accredited with inducing receptive states of consciousness, which also helps to balance a person's chakras (the body's psychic centers). [13]
Note: Alpha: is the "resting state" of the brain when its activity slows down and emits waves from about 8 to 13 cycles per second. This passive, non-critical and non-analytical state occurs when you are truly relaxed or half way between being fully awake and asleep. The Alpha state is often achieved very naturally. We all know that sitting by the sea and listening to the crashing of the waves can be extremely relaxing, as can listening to the rain, or even simply daydreaming. There is considerable scientific evidence that lowering the frequency of one's brain waves induces relaxation that has significant physical benefits.
However, there seems to be a very fine line between something that physically benefits you and something that is used to further occult abilities and experiences. As asked by Don Matzat in What Is Centering?
"The issue is not the natural experiences of human consciousness, but rather the relationship between the alpha level and spiritual experience. Does such a relationship exist? If so, is the Holy Spirit producing the experience or is there an alternative source? Should we be concerned that this altered state of consciousness is associated with a variety of occult practices? [14]
See More About The Altered State of Consciousness
A very valid question in view of the fact that Alpha is harnessed by pagans and occultists.
Labyrinths - A Connection with the Divine... For Everyone?
Remember the bit about the labyrinth being the discovery of self and a connection with 'the divine'? Well this connection with the divine is supposed to take place irrespective of what religion one belongs to and what one's beliefs happen to be. The labyrinth is a device designed to bring a person into a higher spiritual realm whether they are Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims, New Agers, atheists or anything else.
Joanne Sanders, associate dean for religious life at Stanford University states that
Although often associated with Christianity, the use of labyrinths "crosses religious and cultural boundaries". The circuitous patterns found in labyrinths have surfaced in many cultures, dating back thousands of years, and have a centuries-old history as a spiritual tool. [15]
The Abraham Lincoln Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Springfield, Illinois pretty much sums up what is commonly believed...
"A labyrinth is similar in terms of function to a rosary, the stations of the cross, the tao-te-ching and Buddhist meditation" and "As with those other traditions' spiritual devices, intentionality is crucial... Different people will choose different names to describe the experience. Don't let that distract you. Names are not as important as the experience itself." [16]
In one of her books, Artress speaks of a group of musicians called Musica Divina that came to play and sing at the labyrinth when it was opened to the public. Among them was a "revered Sufi teacher named Hayat Stadlinger" who walked the labyrinth at the age of ninety two. Artress goes on to say - that when Hayat died a friend wrote
"...I was comforted seeing my darling Hayat walking that timeless symbol-the Labyrinth-the returning path to the Beloved" [17]
In the above quote a Sufi teacher is portrayed as walking a "returning path to the Beloved". In one short sentence the entire Gospel message has been slung out of the proverbial window.
Which brings me to the fact that ...
Labyrinths are NOT Compatible With Christianity
In keeping with the general down-the-tubes trend of the modern church, the last couple of decades has seen Christian advocates of the labyrinth portraying the practice as a "rediscovery" of a lost form of Christian spirituality. Not only has the pagan practice been revived but proponents actually claim that the Father approves.
Seekers outside the church are focused on raising their level of consciousness and attaining enlightenment and self-actualization through an assortments of spiritual practices. The tragedy is that Christians today are trying to find God or enhance their experience of Jesus often by using exactly the same tools - contemplative prayer, meditation, labyrinths, etc.
While firmly denying any part in classical mysticism many believers
are willingly participating in time honoured mystical practices.
For example, Jill Geoffrion who has a M.Div. degree from Princeton Theological Seminary says,
God is blessing the use of the labyrinth; many are being drawn closer to Jesus, experiencing healing and gaining spiritual clarity as they pray on its path. [18]
But as asked by Carl Teichrib
...is God really blessing this "new thing"? Moreover, can God bless something that has its origins in esoteric doctrine and ancient pagan mythologies? Adding to its historical pagan significance is the fact that the labyrinth has never lost its occult meaning ... labyrinths are still being used, and will continue to be used, as an instrument of pagan spirituality.
If God is going to bless labyrinth prayer journeys, how is He going to deal with Deuteronomy 12:1-14, 18:9-13 and Exodus 34:10-17? In each of these Scripture passages God explicitly tells His people to refrain from anything used in pagan practices. Moreover, the entire book of Jeremiah is a warning against involvement in alternative religious practices. [19]
How in the world anyone can claim to be a follower of Christ and yet ignore the fact that Israel was commanded to utterly destroy all idols and places of worship of the heathen nations, and that Paul clearly pointed out that light and darkness, believers and unbelievers noting in common.
Do not be bound together with unbelievers; for what partnership have righteousness and lawlessness, or what fellowship has light with darkness? Or what harmony has Christ with Belial, or what has a believer in common with an unbeliever? Or what agreement has the temple of God with idols? For we are the temple of the living God; just as God said, "I will dwell in them and walk among them; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people. "Therefore, Come out from their midst and be separate," says the Lord. "and do not touch what is unclean; And I will welcome you. (2 Corinthians 6:14-17 NASB)
Masters of Spirit?
Additionally, before blindly accepting a practice we need to first give some serious thought to the fact that labyrinths are found in many countries of the world (including India, France, Egypt, Scandinavia, Crete, Sumeria, America, the British Isles, Italy, etc.) some of which go back many thousands of years.
How can anyone believe that these virtually identical designs were independently dreamed up by people in unrelated parts of the globe. The only explanation that makes any sense if that all of them had a common origin.
Whether she knows it or not I suspect that when she made the following statement Lauren Artress was far closer to the mark than she ever dreamed. (Emphasis Added)
My passion for the labyrinth has never let up! I think this is because I get so much from it. I also can teach everything I want to teach through the labyrinth: meditation, finding our soul assignments, unleashing our creativity, spiritual practice, psycho-spiritual healing; you name it! .... It [the labyrinth] has the exact cosmic rhythms embedded within it. I sense that this design was created by great masters of Spirit, who knew the pathway to integrating mind, body and spirit" [20]
Great masters of Spirit are none other than beings that are more than happy to point a gullible world and an even more credulous Church in every direction but the right one.
See the introduction to Alice Bailey, The Lucis Trust, and The Reappearance of "The Christ".
As said by Carl Teichrib, author of Game of Gods - a comprehensive investigation into the changing nature of Western civilization,
The evangelical Christian community talks about "spiritual warfare" and "putting on the full amour of God," but are often found embracing that which they claim to counter. [21]
Many Christians seem to have no problem at all casting a little incense on pagan altars.
Quislings in The Church
Here are some examples of the wolves disguised a Christian' leaders. Note: These are only a few well-known and easily recognized names. There are countless others that allow, nay! encourage the use of labyrinths in their churches and else where. As Pastor Gary Gilley points out...
"Labyrinths are rapidly becoming a recognised form of worship in many evangelical organisations and churches. They are being promoted by Youth for Christ, Youth Specialties, Intervarsity Christian Fellowship, The Emergent Church Convention, NavPress, Rick Warren (by recommending NavPress' pro-contemplative magazine Discipleship Journal and speaking at Youth Specialties conferences), Zondervan Publishing, National Pastors Convention, Leadership Magazine, Group Publishing and a host of others.
At the 2004 National Pastors' Convention, held in San Diego, the daily morning schedule included the following: Opportunities to walk the labyrinth (from 7.00 am - 10:30 pm); Contemplative morning prayer exercise (8:30 am - 9:15 am); [and] Sustainable life forum: Stretching and Yoga (8:30 am - 9:15 am)'. Speakers at this convention included Rick Warren, Howard Hendricks, Dan Kimball and Brian McLaren". [22]
Dan Kimball and his wife walked a labyrinth at this convention which left them "calmed and refreshed" and from their perspective - "uniquely restored". Kimball went on to say "After the convention we knew we couldn't keep this experience to ourselves. A few months later we featured a labyrinth as part of Graceland's annual art event at Santa Cruz Bible Church.
Graceland artists recreated the labyrinth with a kit we purchased (The Prayer Path, Group Publishing), transforming one of the church's multipurpose rooms into a medieval prayer sanctuary. The team hung art on the walls, draped fabric, and lit candles all around the room to create a visual sense of sacred space. Over two nights we saw more than 100 people go through the labyrinth. It was a joy to see so many people on their knees communing with God through the experiential prayer elements". [23]
A Campus Crusade PDF document about something they called The Journey once said (Emphasis Added. Link is no longer viable)
Youth for Christ had an on-line labyrinth which seems to have been taken down
Doug Pagitt, pastor of Solomon's Porch in Minneapolis and author of several books feels that walking a labyrinth is just a physical act that is of value to faith
"… walking a prayer labyrinth, going on pilgrimage, and making the sign of the cross have served to connect the physical body to the life of faith through the centuries". [25].
Conclusion
Although many Christians claim that their walk is completely focused on Jesus Christ, it DOES NOT rule out the fact that the labyrinth is an inter-religious and deeply mystical tool. When all the layers are stripped away and we peel off the Christian labels we have stuck on it, the labyrinth is nothing but pagan spirituality. Although its roots are much deeper, we adopted it from a Cathedral where much of the worship is focused on the Black Madonna. (Footnote II)
The positive feelings that result from walking labyrinths are nothing but an altered state of consciousness.
How in the world can God bless something that has its origins in esoteric doctrine and ancient pagan mythology? The leaders who have told us that labyrinths are Christian are traitors who will one day have to answer for every soul they led astray.
We are in the midst of the Great Falling Away that has been ill recognized simply because it has not adhered to what most people's perception of what a falling away should look like. Most people probably expected humanity to become less religious and more materialistic - less spiritual and more worldly. While it is true that a large percentage of humanity has indeed become more carnal, a staggering number of people have actually become more spiritual, seeking out the divine in every possible nook and cranny, including within themselves.
God's instructions are crystal clear --- it is time for us to sit up and pay attention to them.
Footnote I - Contemplative Prayer
Eastern religions such Buddhism, Hinduism, Sufism and Occult/New Age devotees have long practiced an almost identical form of 'prayer'. Since what is considered sacred varies from group to group, the experience is therefore interpreted according to the beliefs and practices of the practitioner. As Pastor Gary Gilley says in his review of Mysticism, an Evangelical Option?..
"The problem (or at least one of several problems) is that every mystic describes his experience in line with his belief system. Hindus believe they have union with the Hindu deities, the American Indian thinks he has contacted the Great Spirit, and the Christian mystic believes he is receiving revelation from God. Of course they cannot all be correct". [26]
The terminology also varies.. Buddhist call this state Nirvana or Satori... New Age people call it at-one-ness, etc... Christian and Muslim mystics believe they have experienced some kind of ecstatic union with God or encounters with saints or angels.
To say it is the Holy Spirit is just so much tosh, since there is not one, not two, but seven common themes of mysticism between Roman Catholic, Protestant, Hindu and American agnostic mystical experiences. (See Contemplative Prayer). {PLACE IN TEXT}
Footnote II - Chartres Cathedral and the Cult of the Black Madonna
Chartres Cathedral is known as the Virgin Mary's Seat on Earth.. (Note: The graphic at the top of the page shows the statue at the far end of the aisle, beyond the labyrinth)
There are two Black Madonnas in the great cathedral in Chartres some 50 miles southwest of Paris. Notre Dame de Pilar, a 16th century copy of a figure from the 13th century, stands in her gown of gold in a side chapel of the cathedral. She perches regally atop a high pillar surrounded by candles. Notre Dame de Sous-Terre ("Our Lady of the Underground") is tucked away in a crypt near a holy well that dates from pre-Christian days. During the French Revolution, the sculpture in the crypt was destroyed, and in 1856 a replica was sculpted. [27]
According to tradition, Chartres Cathedral has housed the tunic of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the labyrinth-Black-Madonna Sancta Camisia, since 876. The relic was said to have been given to the cathedral by Charlemagne, who received it as a gift during a trip to Jerusalem. Because of this relic, Chartres has been a very important Marian pilgrimage center and the faithful still come from the world over to honor it. [28]
Much of the focus of the Cathedral is on Mary, or more accurately the Black Madonna.
Black Madonnas (or Black Virgins) are icons of the Catholic Virgin Mary, and sometimes Jesus, pictured with darker skin dating back to the medieval period (commonly defined as the 12th – 15th centuries). They are usually found in Catholic and Orthodox countries. They usually are not large: standing or sitting statues around three feet tall, or paintings. They are everywhere, with a documented four-to-five hundred of them in Europe alone. [29]
There are those that believe the mother and child depicted by the Black Madonna are descended from the image of the Virgin forever giving birth. The back cover of Jean Markale's book Cathedral of the Black Madonna says,
The great cathedral of Chartres us renowned the world over as a master piece of High Gothic architecture and for its remarkable stained glass and mystical labyrinth. But the foundations of this sanctuary go back to a long time before Christianity, when this site was a clearing where Druids worshipped a virgo paritura, a virgin about to give birth. Now at this ancient meeting place, where all the Druids in Gaul gathered once a year, there stands Chartres cathedral, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Mother of God, and home to one of the most venerated Black Madonnas in Europe: Our Lady of the Pillar. [30]
Certainly Lauren Artress knows the appeal of the Black Madonna.. Her Veriditas site advertises what they call "contemplative pilgrimage retreat experience in order to deeply listen to that which is calling.” This pilgrimage includes a
private group tour of the 11th Century church including the largest crypt in the world, where you will meet a black Madonna called Sous Terre, our Lady under the earth... [31]
Note: During a decade-long restoration designed to remove a heavy coating of black grime deposited by 800 years of candle soot, incense, fires, and a misguided oil-burning furnace installed in the 1950s also included removing the "unsightly coating "from the 16th century wooden icon. The Black Madonna is now white. [32] No idea whether the statue in the crypt was similarly treated. {PLACE IN TEXT}
Footnote IV - Grace Cathedral
In the 1990's William Swing was Bishop of Grace Cathedral and Alan Jones was Dean of Grace from 1985 to 2009
William Swing
is a retired bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States. He was the Bishop of California, based in San Francisco , from 1980 to 2006.
During the 1995 United Nations 50th Anniversary, Swing proclaimed that Grace would work towards the building of a global interfaith network. After an intense amount of travel and lobbying, Swing succeeded in forming the United Religions Initiative (URI)- one of the world's leading UN affiliated inter-religious partnerships. Today, the URI is a global organization is designed to bring all religions together to dialogue and seek common ground.
Alan Jones and Reimagining Christianity:
 Alan Jones served as Dean of Grace Cathedral from 1985 to 2009. Here are two quotes from his book Reimagining Christianity: Reconnect Your Spirit without Disconnecting Your Mind, which just about says everything there is to say about his brand of Christianity.
The Church's fixation on the death of Jesus as the universal saving act must end, and the place of the cross must be reimagined in Christian faith. Why? Because of the cult of suffering and the vindictive God behind it." [33]
"The image of the child Jesus sitting on the Buddha's lap appeals to me and captures the spirit of this book. It is an image of the Kingdom. "The Kingdom" is a sort of shorthand signifying an inclusive community of faith, love and justice." [34]
the back cover of the book boasts an endorsement by Brian McLaren who wrote,
...Alan Jones is a pioneer in reimaging Christian faith that emerges from authentic spirituality. His work stimulates and encourages me deeply
End Notes - The Labyrinth - Part II
01] https://www.circlesanctuary.org
[02] https://labyrinthlocator.org/labyrinth/circle-sanctuary
[03] Raven Bloodstone. PSG Memories, My First Labyrinth. [https://www.circlesanctuary.org/PSG-Memories-My-First-Labyrinth
[04] https://www.secretlantern.org/labyrinth-of-light
[05] https://www.starwoodfestival.com/candlelit-labyrinth
[06] Sandra Hearth What is the purpose of a labyrinth? https://wellbeingport.com/what-is-the-purpose-of-a-labyrinth
[07] https://www.trinity-episcopal.org/labyrinth
[08] Grace Cathedral. Our Labyrinths. https://gracecathedral.org/our-labyrinths
[09] The Dome Education & Gathering Center. The Labyrinth. http://www.thedomecenter.com/labyrinth.php
[10] Saugatuck Church Labyrinth Project https://saugatuckchurch.org/saugatuck-church-labyrinth-project
[11] Lauren Artress Journey Editions; Book and Kit edition. Page 3,4
[12] Labyrinths Myth & History http://www.labyrinthina.com/labyrinths-myth-history.html
[13] Prof. Johan Malan. Ancient Labyrinths are Re-emerging. https://www.bibleguidance.co.za/Engarticles/Labyrinth.htm
[14] Don Matzat . What Is Centering? http://www.issuesetcarchive.org/issues_site/resource/journals/centerng.htm
[15] Stanford Office for Religious Life. https://orsl.stanford.edu/labyrinth
[16] Abraham Lincoln Unitarian Universalist Congregation https://www.aluuc.org/get-involved/labyrinth
[17] Lauren Artess. Walking a Sacred Path: Rediscovering the Labyrinth as a Spiritual Tool, Page 84- 85
[18] Christian Uses Of Labyrinths. https://labyrinthprayer.com/christian-prayer
[19] Carl Teichrib The Labyrinth Journey: Walking the Path to Fulfillment?
http://www.crossroad.to/articles2/05/teichrib/labyrinth.htm
[20] Interview with Arts and Healing Network, September 2003. Please note, the Arts & Healing Network closed in 2015
[21] Carl Teichrib. The Labyrinth Journey: Walking the Path to Fulfillment?
http://www.crossroad.to/articles2/05/teichrib/labyrinth.htm
[22] Labyrinths by Gary Gilley. https://tottministries.org/mysticism-part-4/
[23] Dan Kimball. A-maze-ing Prayer.
http://www.hadleyrobinson.com/theology-others/dan-kimball/laybrinth-prayer-by-dan-kimball.pdf
[24] http://globalprayermovement.org/resources/the-journey/
[25] Doug Pagitt. BodyPrayer: The Posture of Intimacy with God. WaterBrook Press (November 15, 2005) Page 4
[26] https://tottministries.org/mysticism-an-evangelical-option-by-winfried-corduan/
[27] Marilyn McFarlane, Mystery of the Black Madonna. https://europeupclose.com/article/mystery-of-the-black-madonna/]
[28] http://www.sacred-destinations.com/france/chartres-cathedral
[29] The Black Madonna & What You Need to Know About Chartres .
https://obsidianlit.org/the-black-madonna-what-you-need-to-know-about-chartres/
[30] https://tinyurl.com/4vd5bcy5
[31] Veriditas Programs in Chartres, France. https://www.veriditas.org/chartres
[32] A Controversial Restoration That Wipes Away the Past -
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/01/arts/design/chartres-cathedral-restoration-controversial.html and
21st Century Chartres: The Famous Gothic Cathedral is Newly Restored -
https://www.francetoday.com/culture/chartres-the-famous-cathedral-is-newly-restored/
[33] Alan Jones, Reimagining Christianity p. 132
[34] Alan Jones, Reimagining Christianity p. 12
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